An RTC (Real-Time Clock ) is a specialized timing component used to maintain accurate timekeeping. It is essential in applications where precise, scheduled operations are required. Beyond its use in clocks and watches, RTCs play a critical role in devices like smart meters, washing machines, medicine dispensers, data loggers, and other time-sensitive systems. STM32 comes […]
Tips for Using RTC in STM32H5 Microcontrollers Read More »
In embedded systems, sharing clock signals externally is often essential for synchronizing peripherals or other microcontrollers. Most of the popular Microcontrollers often need to share their internal clock signals with external components. The STM32H573 supports this via Microcontroller Clock Outputs (MCO) on two GPIO pins: PA8 (MCO1) and PC9 (MCO2). Whether you’re debugging clock issues or
How to Generate Clock Output (MCO1/MCO2) on STM32H573 Read More »
Interfacing an external flash memory with a microcontroller is a common task in embedded systems to minimize unnecessary access to the MCU’s internal flash. Embedded firmware developers often use external flash for data logging, firmware storage, and IoT applications. External flash memory often includes communication interfaces such as I2C, SPI, or QSPI. System architects ensure
How to Interface External Flash with QSPI Using Bit Banging: A Step-by-Step Guide Read More »
Flash memory is a widely used non-volatile storage technology found in microcontrollers, SSDs, USB drives, and many other electronic devices. Non-volatile means it retains data even when the power is turned off. However, there is an important limitation: Flash memory erase before write is mandatory. This means that before you can write new data to
Why flash memory must be erased before writing Read More »
MCU Startup code is the first piece of code executed by a microcontroller (MCU) immediately after a Power-On Reset (POR). Its main responsibility is to prepare the MCU’s hardware so that the actual application can run smoothly. The main purpose of start-up code initializes critical components such as the stack, system memory, and configuration settings.
MCU Startup Code: What Happens Before main() Runs (ARM Cortex-M Example) Read More »
Understanding the linker script (.icf file) is crucial for achieving precise control over the memory layout when working with STM32 microcontrollers in IAR Embedded Workbench. Whether you’re a beginner just trying to flash an LED or an advanced embedded developer optimizing bootloaders, this guide walks you through IAR linker scripts—from the basics to the advanced
IAR Linker Script for STM32: Complete Guide (Basic to Advanced) 🛠️ Read More »
My previous article covered JEDEC (Joint Electron Device Engineering Council) standards and their Flash commands. In embedded systems, JEDEC-compliant serial flash memory, such as NOR Flash used with QSPI or SPI, is commonly used for tasks like storing code, updating firmware, or saving parameters. In this article, we will design a flexible and scalable JEDEC
How to Implement a JEDEC Memory Access Architecture in C++ Read More »
When working with Flash memory in embedded systems, consistency and compatibility are crucial. That’s where JEDEC steps in. In addition to standardizing DRAM and packaging, JEDEC also defines the command sets for NOR and NAND Flash memory devices, ensuring seamless operation across devices from different manufacturers. 💾 What Are JEDEC Flash Memory Commands? JEDEC Flash
JEDEC Flash Commands: What They Are & Why They Matter in Embedded Systems Read More »
JEDEC stands for Joint Electron Device Engineering Council. It is a global industry group that develops open standards for the microelectronics industry, especially in the areas of semiconductors, memory chips, and related components. Its membership includes hundreds of companies ranging from chip manufacturers like Intel, AMD, and Micron, to equipment suppliers, software providers, and test
What is JEDEC? Understanding the Role of JEDEC Standards in Semiconductors Read More »
If you have worked with the C++ STL library, you have definitely encountered the error “Vector subscript out of range.” This occurs when attempting to access an element in a std::vector using an invalid index. This often leads to undefined behavior, crashes, or runtime errors. In this article, we will discuss the causes of this
Fixing ‘Vector Subscript Out of Range’ Error in C++ Read More »