When working with C or C++ in embedded systems and firmware development, the ability to Detect Rising and Falling Edge of a Bit in C/C++ is essential. This technique is widely used when developing firmware for microcontrollers such as STM32, NXP, and TI to monitor digital signals, status registers, and hardware events reliably. In embedded
How to Detect Rising and Falling Edge of a Bit in C/C++ Read More »
When working with C or C++, particularly in embedded systems and firmware development, the ability to detect bit changes in C/C++ is essential. Because instead of writing: bool flag1; bool flag2; bool flag3; bool flag4; bool flag5; bool flag6; In embedded systems, we often store multiple related status flags inside a single variable. Generally, we
How to Detect Bit Changes in C/C++ Using the XOR Operator and Bit Masking Read More »
In C++, virtual functions are a fundamental part of object-oriented programming that enable runtime polymorphism. This dynamic dispatch mechanism makes virtual functions essential for building flexible, extensible, and modular systems especially in large-scale or hardware-abstracted software architectures. In this article you will learn what is virtual function in C++ and when to use it. I
Virtual Function in C++ Read More »
In today’s fast-changing world of development, it is important to write code that is understable, maintainable, scalable, and stable. That means your code should be easy to understand, maintain, and grow over time. In C++, one useful feature that helps us achieve this is the pure virtual function. This feature allows us to create
What is Meant by Pure Virtual Function in C++? Read More »
I have designed a wide range of embedded systems devices, from precise energy meters to ultra-low-power IoT devices. One important lesson I have learned over the years is that code maintainability matters a lot. A maintainable code matters far more in the long run than clever performance tricks. In fact, clean, well-structured and maintainable code
Interface vs Abstract Class in C++: When and Why to Use Each Read More »
When writing efficient and bug-free code in C++, especially in embedded or systems programming, understanding deep copy vs shallow copy is critical. Misunderstanding these concepts can lead to memory corruption, crashes, or data inconsistencies – issues no firmware engineer wants in a production device. This blog post will walk you through the fundamental difference between
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When developing firmware, performance, memory footprint, and safety are critical. That is where keywords like const and constexpr come into play. At first glance, both seem to make variables immutable, but they differ significantly in when and how they achieve this. In this post, I will explain the technical depth behind const and constexpr, their
const vs constexpr in C++ Explained with Embedded Examples Read More »
If you have worked with the C++ STL library, you have definitely encountered the error “Vector subscript out of range.” This occurs when attempting to access an element in a std::vector using an invalid index. This often leads to undefined behavior, crashes, or runtime errors. In this article, we will discuss the causes of this
Fixing ‘Vector Subscript Out of Range’ Error in C++ Read More »
In this blog post, you will learn how to Print a 2D Vector in C++ with the help of C++ programs. I have already written an article “how to initialize a vector in C++“, you can check. Now comes the topic of how we can print a 2D vector in C++. So, let’s get started,
How to Print a 2D Vector in C++ Read More »
In this blog post, I will teach you to how to write a C program to calculate the square root of a given number. By the end of this tutorial, you will be able to efficiently compute the square root using both a built-in library function and an own created function. Before we dive into
C program to find square root of a given number Read More »