In real-time embedded systems—especially in safety-critical applications like automotive, industrial automation, medical devices, and smart metering—reliable fault detection and recovery mechanisms are critical to maintain system stability and safety. The Window Watchdog (WWDG), available in the STM32H5 series microcontrollers, plays a key role in this area. Unlike basic watchdog timers, the WWDG enforces precise timing […]

In ARM Cortex-M architectures such as Cortex-M3, Cortex-M4, Cortex-M7, and Cortex-M33, stack management is a fundamental mechanism that enables exception handling, context switching, and real-time operating system (RTOS) operation. One of the unique features of the ARM Cortex-M core is its support for two independent stack pointers: the Main Stack Pointer (MSP) and the Process

When writing low-level embedded C code for ARM Cortex-M, understanding the ARM function call stack frame is essential for analyzing memory usage, optimizing performance, and debugging hard faults. This post dives deep into the ARM calling conventions, stack frame setup, and the distinction between caller-saved and callee-saved registers — all through practical examples. ARM Cortex-M

When integrating a Real-Time Clock (RTC) into embedded systems, especially in ultra-low-power or time-critical applications, some issues may not become apparent until after deployment. These issues can result in unexpected behavior, data loss, or inaccurate timekeeping. Below is a comprehensive list of real-world RTC challenges commonly faced by developers and product teams, particularly when working

An RTC (Real-Time Clock ) is a specialized timing component used to maintain accurate timekeeping. It is essential in applications where precise, scheduled operations are required. Beyond its use in clocks and watches, RTCs play a critical role in devices like smart meters, washing machines, medicine dispensers, data loggers, and other time-sensitive systems. STM32 comes