Function pointers are one of the most powerful yet misunderstood features in C especially in embedded firmware where performance, memory layout, and safety matter. A function pointer holds the address of executable code and behaves like an ordinary pointer, except that it points to the program code region (Flash/ROM) instead of data memory (RAM). Let’
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Timers are one of the most fundamental peripherals in embedded systems. They are like the “timekeepers” inside your system. You can use them to blink an LED at regular intervals, run a motor at a fixed speed, or simply keep track of how much time has passed. In real projects, timers are used everywhere —
STM32 Timer Tutorial Using Interrupt with HAL Code Example Read More »
In embedded programming, logical operators are not just abstract classroom concepts, but they are the backbone of decision-making in firmware. From energy meters to medical devices and even car engines, the behavior of these systems is ultimately governed by C code, where every decision and every action boils down to boolean logic (true or false).
Practical Applications of || and && in Embedded Programming Read More »
I have worked with many microcontrollers, from the early 8051 and PIC devices to the more advanced STM32 family. Among all the peripherals, one that has always been essential is the General-Purpose Input/Output (GPIO). A GPIO (General-Purpose Input/Output) is a special pin on a microcontroller that you can control through software. Unlike fixed-function pins, which
STM32 GPIO Tutorial: Modes, Functions, and Pin Configuration Explained Read More »
Memory region calculation is often one of the most confusing topics especially for newcomers in firmware development (MCUs). At first, it looks simple: set a start address and a size, and the job is done. But the real challenge comes when you ask: Does the end address belong to the region (inclusive) or not (exclusive)?
How to Calculate Memory Regions in Embedded Systems (Start, End, Size) Read More »
During software/firmware development, one of the most important principles to follow is loose coupling. It is keeping different parts of a system as independent as possible. This allows your codebase to evolve, scale, and adapt to new requirements with minimal friction. One effective way to achieve loose coupling is by abstracting the object creation process.
Factory Design Pattern in C++ Read More »
The Singleton Design Pattern is a creational design pattern that ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to that instance. It is the most controversial Design Pattern because it is violating the “Single Responsibility Principle”. 🤔 Now you might be wondering: How does it violate the Single Responsibility
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In C++, virtual functions are a fundamental part of object-oriented programming that enable runtime polymorphism. This dynamic dispatch mechanism makes virtual functions essential for building flexible, extensible, and modular systems especially in large-scale or hardware-abstracted software architectures. In this article you will learn what is virtual function in C++ and when to use it. I
Virtual Function in C++ Read More »
In today’s fast-changing world of development, it is important to write code that is understable, maintainable, scalable, and stable. That means your code should be easy to understand, maintain, and grow over time. In C++, one useful feature that helps us achieve this is the pure virtual function. This feature allows us to create
What is Meant by Pure Virtual Function in C++? Read More »
I have designed a wide range of embedded systems devices, from precise energy meters to ultra-low-power IoT devices. One important lesson I have learned over the years is that code maintainability matters a lot. A maintainable code matters far more in the long run than clever performance tricks. In fact, clean, well-structured and maintainable code
Interface vs Abstract Class in C++: When and Why to Use Each Read More »