Blog Post - Aticleworld

How to Interface External Flash with QSPI Using Bit Banging: A Step-by-Step Guide

Interfacing an external flash memory with a microcontroller is a common task in embedded systems to minimize unnecessary access to the MCU’s internal flash. Embedded firmware developers often use external flash for data logging, firmware storage, and IoT applications. External flash memory often includes communication interfaces such as I2C, SPI, or QSPI. System architects ensure […]

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Why flash memory must be erased before writing

Flash memory is a widely used non-volatile storage technology found in microcontrollers, SSDs, USB drives, and many other electronic devices. Non-volatile means it retains data even when the power is turned off. However, there is an important limitation: Flash memory erase before write is mandatory. This means that before you can write new data to

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Understanding the Role of Start-Up Code in Microcontrollers

The start-up code is the first piece of code executed by a microcontroller (MCU) immediately after a Power-On Reset (POR). Its main responsibility is to prepare the MCU’s hardware so that the actual application can run smoothly. The main purpose of start-up code initializes critical components such as the stack, system memory, and configuration settings.

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IAR Linker Script for STM32: Complete Guide (Basic to Advanced) 🛠️

Understanding the linker script (.icf file) is crucial for achieving precise control over the memory layout when working with STM32 microcontrollers in IAR Embedded Workbench. Whether you’re a beginner just trying to flash an LED or an advanced embedded developer optimizing bootloaders, this guide walks you through IAR linker scripts—from the basics to the advanced

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How to Implement a JEDEC Memory Access Architecture in C++

My previous article covered JEDEC (Joint Electron Device Engineering Council) standards and their Flash commands. In embedded systems, JEDEC-compliant serial flash memory, such as NOR Flash used with QSPI or SPI, is commonly used for tasks like storing code, updating firmware, or saving parameters. In this article, we will design a flexible and scalable JEDEC

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JEDEC Flash Commands: What They Are & Why They Matter in Embedded Systems

When working with Flash memory in embedded systems, consistency and compatibility are crucial. That’s where JEDEC steps in. In addition to standardizing DRAM and packaging, JEDEC also defines the command sets for NOR and NAND Flash memory devices, ensuring seamless operation across devices from different manufacturers. 💾 What Are JEDEC Flash Memory Commands? JEDEC Flash

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What is JEDEC? Understanding the Role of JEDEC Standards in Semiconductors

JEDEC stands for Joint Electron Device Engineering Council. It is a global industry group that develops open standards for the microelectronics industry, especially in the areas of semiconductors, memory chips, and related components. Its membership includes hundreds of companies ranging from chip manufacturers like Intel, AMD, and Micron, to equipment suppliers, software providers, and test

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Fixing ‘Vector Subscript Out of Range’ Error in C++

If you have worked with the C++ STL library, you have definitely encountered the error “Vector subscript out of range.” This occurs when attempting to access an element in a std::vector using an invalid index. This often leads to undefined behavior, crashes, or runtime errors. In this article, we will discuss the causes of this

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How to Print a 2D Vector in C++

In this blog post, you will learn how to Print a 2D Vector in C++ with the help of C++ programs. I have already written an article “how to initialize a vector in C++“, you can check. Now comes the topic of how we can print a 2D vector in C++. So, let’s get started,

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STM32 External Interrupt with example code

In this article, we will guide you through the steps to create a simple project that enables and handles external interrupts to the STM32 microcontroller. For this tutorial, we’ll use the STM32 NUCLEO-H563ZI development board. In this tutorial, we will generate the necessary code using STM32CubeMX and utilize HAL functions for an efficient implementation. So

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