AWS MCQ: AWS Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

AWS MCQ with answers and explanations for placement tests and job interviews. These solved AWS MCQs are useful for the campus placement for all freshers including Engineering Students, MCA students, Computer and IT Engineers, etc.

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AWS MCQ: AWS Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

1 / 63

You created a new Linux EC2 instance and installed PostgreSQL but you are not able to establish a connection to the server from your local computer. What steps do you take to resolve this issue?

Create a security group rule that allows all traffic from 0.0.0.0/0. This will verify whether or not another rule is denying the traffic.

Verify that the assigned security groups allow traffic from your IP address to port 5432. Verify that PostgreSQL is configured to listen to external traffic and is bound to the public interface.

Make sure that you are using an Elastic IP and that it is included within the postgresql.conf configuration file.

Stop and start the instance. New security group rules will only take effect after a restart.

2 / 63

When creating a new RDS instance, what does the Multi-AZ option do?

replicates backups of your database to S3 and makes them available across regions to prevent against any data loss

creates a second passive database instance within the same region that will become the primary database during a failover

creates a highly available database cluster that will host your database cluster in at least two regions

creates another database instance in another region and keeps a hot standby active to failover to during regional failures

3 / 63

How do you architect a solution for an SQL Server database to be replicated across AWS regions in an active-active architecture?

Use RDS for SQL Server and create the same instance in two different regions. Use Database Migration Service to keep each database in sync.

Use a VPN or VPC peering to establish a connection between the VPCs in each region. Install SQL Server Enterprise Edition on EC2 instances in each region and configure an Always On availability group.

Use RDS for SQL Server 2016 or 2017 Enterprise Edition. Enable Multi-AZ support and select the Mirroring/Always On option. Select another region for the mirroring option.

You can not set up an active-active architecture for SQL Server that spans geographic regions.

4 / 63

Where is the best place to store database backups on an EC2 instance that is configured as a database server?

an S3 bucket, synced with the database backups via a script that calls the AWS CLI

EBS volume attached to the instance

instance attached to the instance

instance storage, with a script that replicates the database backups to another instance in a different availability zone.

5 / 63

You have a Linux EC2 instance that is not responding to requests and you can not connect to it via SSH. Using the EC2 console, you issued a command to stop the instance, but for the past 10 minutes the instance has been in the "stopping" state. What is the next step you should take?

Issue another stop action via the EC2 console, and choose the option to forcefully stop the instance.

Create an AMI image of the instance, and choose the option to take the image without restarting the instance.

Edit the instance properties and increase the instance size.

Contact AWS support. Any further actions could corrupt the file system.

6 / 63

You have a Linux EC2 web server that suddenly is timing out on all HTTP requests and your SSH connection attempts are timing out. You notice that it is failing the system status check in the EC2 console. What action should you take?

Restore the instance from the last AMI image. System status checks indicate that the filesystem on the instance is corrupted.

Stop and start the instance. This will move the instance to another host.

Contact AWS support. Failing a system status check indicates a failure in the underlying hardware and must be addressed by an AWS representative.

Reboot the instance. This will stop and start the instance and move it to another host.

7 / 63

You created a Windows EC2 instance with a public IP address and installed SQL Server. When attempting to connect to SQL Server from SQL Server Enterprise Manager on your local computer, the Windows EC2 instance is unable to establish a connection to the server. What is the first thing you should check?

Check the routing tables for the VPC.

Verify that the assigned security groups allow TCP port 1433 traffic from your current IP address.

Check the policies within Windows Firewall.

Verify that you are connecting to the instance using a user that is not sa.

8 / 63

What privilege is specific to the AWS root account, and cannot be granted to another IAM user on the account?

Revoke the AdministratorAccess role or grant it to another IAM user.

Create a new hosted zone in Route 53.

Delete the AWS account.

Modify the billing details.

9 / 63

In addition to CloudFormation, you can use other orchestration tools to automate server formation and maintenance. Which tool is not an efficient choice for the orchestration of a large infrastructure?

Chef

Ansible

Puppet

Vagrant

10 / 63

What in-memory caching server is not supported by ElastiCache?

Redis 5

Memcached

Elasticsearch

Redis 3

11 / 63

Which communication channel does SNS not support natively?

OSMS text message

push notification

automated phone call

12 / 63

Which big data store will let you store large streams of user activity data coming from both web and mobile applications?

Neptune

Aurora

RDS for SQL Server

Redshift

13 / 63

You have an application that generates long-running reports, stores them in an S3 bucket, and then emails the user who requested
the report with a link to download it. What is the best practice for storing the report data in S3?

Create a public S3 bucket. When your application creates the report object in S3, generate two randomly generated long folder names and place the file within the deepest subfolder. Set the retention policy on the object to one hour and email this link to the user. The link will be active for one hour.

Create a public S3 bucket. Use a hash of the user's email address and the date and time the report was requested to generate a unique object name. Email this link to the user and have a scheduled task run within your application to remove objects that are older than seven days.

Create a private S3 bucket. The link in the email should take the user to your application, where you can verify the active user session or force the user to log in. After verifying the user has rights to access this file, have the application retrieve the object from S3 and return it in the HTTP response. Delete the file from the S3 bucket after the request is completed.

Create a private S3 bucket. The link in the email should take the user to your application, where you can verify the active user session or force the user to log in. Set the report object in S3 to public. Show the user a "Download" button in the browser that links to the public object.

14 / 63

What is the best practice for maintaining Windows EC2 instances and applying updates?

Turn on auto update in Windows Update on each EC2 that is launched, or create your own AMI with this feature enabled and launch all of your EC2 instances from this AMI.

Create a maintenance schedule that an employee must fill out each week confirming a visual inspection of each instance was conducted and which patches were applied.

Use AWS Systems Manager Patch Manager to find an patch instances that require updates during a set maintenance window.

Install Window Server Update Services on your primary Active Directory controller.

15 / 63

Which AWS service complies with the standards outlined in Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) Level 1 for the handling and transmission of credit card data?

API Gateway

all of these answers

Simple Queue Service (SQS)

Kinesis Data Streams

16 / 63

You are going to host an application that uses a MySQL database. Which database should you select if you don't want to manage
scaling or database administration tasks?

Launch an AMI image from the marketplace containing a preconfigured MySQL server.

Aurora

RDS for MySQL

Redshift

17 / 63

What does the statement body of this S3 bucket policy do?

{
  "Sid": "bucketpolicy1",
  "Effect": "Allow",
  "Principal": "*",
  "Action": "s3:GetObject",
  "Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::userreports/*",
  "Condition": {
    "IpAddress": {"aws:SourceIp": "68.249.108.0/24"},
    "NotIpAddress": {"aws:SourceIp": "68.249.108.128/32"}
  }
}

bucketpolicy1 allows any user to perform any action on the objects in the userreports bucket, but limits the objects to read-only permissions for anyone coming from 68.249.108.0 to 68.249.108.255 - except 68.249.108.128.

bucketpolicy1 allows any user coming from the IP range of 68.249.108.0 to access objects in the userreports bucket and denies access to 68.249.108.128.

bucketpolicy1 allows any user to perform any action on the objects in the userreports bucket - except anyone coming from the IP of 68.249.108.128.

bucketpolicy1 allows any user coming from the IP range of 68.249.108.0 to 68.249.108.255 to access objects in the userreports bucket-except anyone coming from the IP of 68.249.108.128.

18 / 63

What data store provides a simple and quick way of storing basic user attributes in an object-based format?

ORDS for Oracle

Redshift

Neptune

DynamoDB

19 / 63

Which feature can be used to respond to a sudden increase in web traffic?

EC2 Auto Scaling groups

AWS Shield Advanced

RDS Read Replicas

all of these answers

20 / 63

Your application is sending 50,000 emails through SES each day. Since you must maintain a low bounce rate to avoid being put on probation, what simple system do you architect to automatically process hard bounces?

Configure SES to send all bounce events to an SNS topic. Create a Lambda function that processes each hard bounce event and automatically flags that account as a bounce in your application to prevent further sending attempts.

Configure SES to no longer send to email addresses that are on your bounce list.

Configure SES to send the logs of all delivery attempts through Kinesis Firehose. Process each event and look for bounce types and remove these emails from your list.

Send all emails through SES with a custom reply-to header. Configure SES to listen for events on this email address and flag any email address that replies to this account as a bounced message and remove it from your email list.

21 / 63

A nontechnical client wants to migrate a WordPress site to AWS from a private server managed by a third-party hosting company. Which AWS service should you recommend to migrate the site to?

CloudFront

An EC2 instance launched from the official WordPress AMI

Lightsail

22 / 63

To comply with auditing requirements of some compliance standards, which AWS tool can be enabled to maintain an audit log of access and changes to your AWS infrastructure?

CloudTrail

CloudWatch

AWS Audit and Compliance Tool

GuardDuty

23 / 63

You have four front-end web servers behind a load balancer, which use NFS to access another EC2 instance that resizes and stores images for the front-end application. What security group policies should be assigned to these servers?

Assign Elastic IPs to all of the instances and create a group that allows all traffic to pass between each of the five Elastic IP addresses and allow all inbound HTTPS traffic.

Front-end web servers should allow HTTPS. Assign another group to all of the instances that allows all traffic to pass between instances using that group.

Create a security group that allows inbound NFS, HTTP, and HTTPS traffic from all IP addresses. Apply this group to all of the servers.

Create a security group that allows inbound HTTP and HTTPS traffic from all IP addresses and apply this to the web servers. Create a second security group for the NFS filestore that allows outbound NFS traffic to the private IP range of the front-end web servers.

24 / 63

You are migrating an on-premise RabbitMQ cluster into AWS. Which migration path should you choose for ease of both maintenance and deployment?

Rewrite the parts of your application that use RabbitMQ to use SQS.

Launch a RabbitMQ cluster with EC2 instances using a supported AMI.

Rewrite the parts of your application that use RabbitMQ to use Kinesis.

Rewrite the parts of your application that use RabbitMQ to use Amazon MQ.

25 / 63

Application Load Balancer can route traffic to several different target groups based upon several conditions. Which of these use cases is not supported by Application Load Balancer?

A request with a HTTP header of X-Requested-With: staging can be routed to a target group for an ECS service in your staging environment.

Source IPs matching 192.0.2.0/24 on a listener port of 1433 can be routed to a target group for an RDS for SQL Server cluster.

A path of /signup* can be routed to a target group for a Lambda function that processes new user registrations.

An Http POST query string of ? action=createuser can be routed to a target group for an ECS service.

26 / 63

You are running Docker containers on ECS. What is the most important metric to monitor?

The running container count for each service from within CloudWatch.

The instance health of each EC2 instance in your cluster from within CloudWatch.

Monitor the EC2 service dashboard. Watch for posted outages to the ECS service.

The memory consumption of each EC2 instance in your cluster from within CloudWatch.

27 / 63

When launching an EC2 instance with an instance type that supports instance storage, what use case is best for instance storage?

Use the instance storage to serve temporary files that require low I/O latency.

Use the instance storage to handle files uploaded by your users. Since it is more secure than an EBS volume, you can isolate any malicious files from infecting your server.

Instance storage is faster than EBS volumes, so install the root of the operating system on this volume to speed up server performance.

Instance storage is a deprecated option for storage and should not be used.

28 / 63

You have a fleet of IoT devices that send telemetry to a server-side application provided by your IoT vendor for decoding a proprietary messaging format. The devices are provisioned to send telemetry reports to your server via UDP on port 6339. What is the best way scale this server as more Iot devices are added to your fleet?

Use a Network Load Balancer to distribute the traffic across your servers. Use UDP health checks to determine if the server is available to receive traffic.

Use Route 53 with HTTP health checks. Create an application on the server to report the readiness status of the vendor-provided server software to Route 53 via HTTP.

Use Route 53 with UDP health checks. As you scale up, Route 53 wiwll route the traffic to the new servers if they pass the health checks.

Use Application Load Balancer to distribute the traffic across your servers.

29 / 63

What service can host your Docker containers?

Lightsail

Elastic Container Service (ECS)

Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)

All of these services can host a Docker container.

30 / 63

What is the best practice for creating a highly available PostgreSQL database in RDS that can sustain the loss of a single AWS region?

PostgreSQL cannot be replicated across regions. Restore the database backups from an S3 bucket and repoint your database connections to the new instance.

Create Read Replicas in other AWS regions. You can designate a new master database from any of the read replicas until the regional failure is resolved.

Verify that your instance is configured for Multi-AZ support. Database changes will be automatically synced to another region in the event of a failure and RDS will automatically select a new master until the regional failure is resolved.

Create Read Replicas in other AWS regions. Ensure read operations against the database occur on an available Read Replica, and send write operations to another region if you need to promote a Read Replica to a standalone database if the master is down.

31 / 63

Your web application is getting a suspicious amount of bad requests from foreign IP addresses. Your business is operating in only a few countries and you would like to block any other traffic. What is the best practice for limiting access to your web application by country?

Use Web Application Firewall and create a geo match condition to drop all requests from countries that aren't on your allow list.

Use Application Load Balancer to create a new routing rule that looks at source IP address. Add an IP block for the countries that have access.

Host the front end of your website in CloudFront and configure a geo restriction on the distribution.

Use CloudTrail to monitor the IP addresses of the bad requests. Use Lambda to add these IP addresses to an Application Load Balancer rule that blocks the IPs.

32 / 63

You have a T2 EC2 instance that is critical to your infrastructure. How would you monitor the most important metric for this instance?

Turn on CloudWatch Auto Recovery and put monitors on the System Status and Instance Status checks for the instance to notify you when either is in alarm.

Use CloudWatch to put monitors on the remaining CPU credits. If you run out of CPU credit the instance will be stopped.

None of these

33 / 63

When sending a large volume of email through SES, what is the most important set of metrics to monitor?

your complaint and bounce rates

opens and clicks

clicks and deliveries

sending volume over the past 15 minutes and over one day to watch for billing spikes

34 / 63

What is the best EC2 instance class for a server that continuously has a heavy CPU load?

35 / 63

Which AWS service can be used to help generate the documentation required by various compliance standards, such as Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) Level 1 for the handling of credit card data?

Artifact

DocumentDB

Print out the AWS Compliance summary and keep it with your required documentation for an audit.

Secrets Manager

36 / 63

Can you lose the public IP address associated with your EC2 instance?

Yes, you can lose it if you reboot the instance.

Yes, you can lose it if you stop and start the instance.

No, you will never lose the public IP address for your instance.

Yes, you can lose it when you edit the instance properties and release the IP address.

37 / 63

An EC2 instance running a WordPress site keeps getting hacked, even though you have restored the server several times and have patched WordPress. What AWS service can help you detect and prevent further attacks?

CloudWatch

GuardDuty

Shield

Security Advisor

38 / 63

Which of these is a valid restriction on the properties of a VPC?

You can have only 10 internet gateways per region on a new AWS account.

You can have only 10 VPCs per region on a new AWS account

You cannot create a CIDR block with a netmask larger than /16

You can have only 10 subnets within a VPC

39 / 63

A principle of DevOps is to view infrastructure as code. Which AWS service allows you to script your AWS infrastructure?

CloudTrail

CloudFormation

AWS Config

AWS Service Catalog

40 / 63

You need a schemaless database. Which Amazon database service provides that solution?

ORDS

Aurora

Redshift

DynamoDB

41 / 63

When designing a serverless web application using Lambda, what key concept must you factor into your design?

Serverless web applications run within the web browser of the user, so you will need to store any data the user changes directly in a database.

Lambda only allows you to write functions in JavaScript.

Lambda does not use servers, so it can only return the same request to every user.

Lambda is stateless, so it won't remember who a user is in between requests.

42 / 63

What does it cost to launch an EC2 instance from the AWS Marketplace?

All images in the AWS Marketplace incur additional hourly fees in addition to the charges from the instance size you select.

You can only launch images that were created by other users on your AWS account, so you pay only for the instance size you select and the S3 storage costs for the base image.

Each image has its own pricing that could either be free, or include charges for software licensing costs. You will also pay for the instance the image runs on

All images in the AWS Marketplace contain only open-source software with no additional fees and are created by other AWS users. You will pay only for the instance size you select.

43 / 63

A new developer has been added to the team and you have been asked to provide access to the organization's AWS account. What is the best practice for granting access?

Give the new developer the IAM login that is assigned to the development team. This IAM user should already include all of the policies that a developer would need.

Create a IAM user for the new developer. Manually assign policies to the new IAM user account.

Do not give the new developer access to the AWS console. Using the IAM user that is assigned to the development group, generate a new set of access keys and label these with the name of the developer.

Create a IAM user for the new developer. Assign the new developer the a developer group you already created for the other developers.

44 / 63

Your database is an RDS instance running SQL Server with Multi-AZ replication and you have several older .NET console utilities that perform database operations every 15 seconds. When the cluster has to switch the primary database server to the secondary AZ, the .NET utilities start to report connection failures to the database although other applications are able to access the database. How do you correct this problem?

Use the RDS console to force a reboot of the database instance so that the primary server becomes the master server again.

he server running the .NET utilities is caching the DNS lookup on the database cluster address. Flush the DNS cache of the server and force the C# utilities to open new connections to the database.

A.NET application will retain the IP address of a connection string until the host machine is rebooted.

The NET utilities need to change the SQL Server endpoint in the connection strings to read from the secondary database server using a try/catch.

45 / 63

What option is best for Auto Scaling your EC2 instances for predictable traffic patterns?

scale based on a schedule

manual scaling

scale based on demand

maintain current levels at all times

46 / 63

You have an application using a 100 GB MySQL database that you are migrating into AWS. What should you consider when deciding between whether to host the database on RDS for MySQL or Aurora?

cost

ease of maintenance vs. granularity of control

all of these answers

the current storage engine used by the application, such as InnoDB or MyISAM

47 / 63

What does a VPC do?

creates a cloud-based network to interconnect a set of virtual servers and appliances

creates a secure tunnel between two networks

creates a shared storage plane for application data to be shared across multiple instances.

creates a private network that is completely isolated from the public internet.

48 / 63

Your company has on-premise servers with an existing onsite backup solution that also replicates backups to another campus on the other side of the country with its own on-site backup solution. You have been asked to create a third level of redundancy by also storing these backups in the cloud. In the event of a primary and secondary backup failure, your boss wants to know that the cloud backups can be accessible as fast as possible to reduce downtime during the recovery. What S3 storage class do you recommend for cost and performance?

S3 Standard

S3 Intelligent-Tiering

S3 Glacier

S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access

49 / 63

What happens to a SQL Server RDS instance if the databases increase in size and go over the allocated space?

RDS will automatically increase the allocated space by 10% and will send the AWS root account an email with resolution steps. Allocate more space to avoid overage charges.

The database instance will report a STORAGE_FULL status and become inaccessible if the instance does not have enough remaining storage to operate. Allocate more space to the instance.

SQL Server will close all existing connections to the databases and attempt to shrink its log files to reclaim storage space.

RDS will automatically increase the allocated space by 5% and will continue to allocate new space up to 50% of the orginal allocated space. When storage space has increase 50%, RDS will automatically stop the instance to preserve data integrity.

50 / 63

What AWS services can help you automate your development pipeline for continuous integration and continuous deployment?

CodePipeline

CodeDeploy

all of these answers

CodeBuild

51 / 63

If a set of servers are located within a private subnet of your VPC, how can you connect those servers to on-premise servers?

Establish a connection with AWS Direct Connect.

Use the AWS Client VPN.

Install a OpenVPN server on an instance that is located within the subnet with an elastic IP.

All of these options can establish a connection to a private subnet.

52 / 63

You are creating a DynamoDB table to store all movies that have been released since 1938. Your application will allow users to search by movie title and see the details of that film. Given the sample below showing the movie data that you will be importing, what is the best set of keys to apply to this table?

{
    "title":"The Avengers",
    "year": 2012,
    "cast" : ["Mark Ruffalo", "Robert Downey, Jr."],
    "genres" : ["Action"]
}

The primary key should be a partition key of the title field.

The primary key should be the title field and the partition key should be the genres field.

The primary key should be a composite key comprised of a partition key on the title field and a sort key on the year field.

The primary key should be created as a completely unique value, such a sequential numerical list of movie IDs. The partition key should be title field for fast lookup.

53 / 63

When using AWS for research and development ahead of a planned migration, how do you prevent unexpected increases or spikes in the billing?

Use the billing dashboard to create a cost budget. Input the max amount you want to be charged each month. Any charges that occur over this amount will cause AWS to automatically suspend those resources

Using the root AWS account, activate IAM access to the billing information for the account. Make sure your IAM users have the Billing FullAccessGroup policy. Then from the billing dashboard, check the accrued charges once a day.

If you are using the AWS free tier, you will have to confirm the usage of any service that goes over the AWS free tier limits.

Using the root AWS account enable Billing Alerts in the user preferences. Then use CloudWatch to create a billing alarm and set a threshold to a specific dollar amount for your estimated monthly charges.

54 / 63

You have 14 on-premise web servers, 4 database servers, 6 servers using GIS software, 3 file servers, and 4 development servers. What considerations should you take into account when migrating these servers into AWS?

AWS does not have a way to separate billing for compute costs, so you will need to design a way to split the budget between departments.

New AWS accounts are limited to 20 on-demand EC2 instances. Submit a request to increase your rate limits before starting a migration.

None of these

55 / 63

Which Elastic Load Balancing option supports Lambda as a target?

Network Load Balancer

Lambda can not be called directly by incoming web requests. You must use API Gateway.

Classic Load Balancer

Application Load Balancer

56 / 63

When using an ECS cluster with EC2 instances, what maintenance tasks should you perform on the EC2s?

The instances created by ECS do not have patches that need to be applied; however, you should make sure your containers contain any important security updates.

Refresh the cluster with instances built from the latest ECS AMI.

ECS clusters do not use EC2 instances.

You should not directly manipulate the EC2 instances created by ECS. AWS will automatically update these instances.

57 / 63

You have a large amount of files on your network-attached storage array that must be archived and maintained for a period of 10 years due to industry regulations. This data will be infrequently accessed but must be kept What is the best AWS service for storing this data?

EFS

Snowball

OEBS

S3 Glacier

58 / 63

As your web application grows and your application monitoring needs become more complex, which additional log monitoring service should you NOT consider?

ELK stack: Elasticsearch, Loggly, and Kibana

PRTG

New Relic

Datadog

59 / 63

Which database is a NoSQL database type that can quickly store and retrieve key-value pairs?

Aurora

Neptune

RDS for MySQL

DynamoDB

60 / 63

What's the best practice for horizontally scaling a legacy ASP.NET web application that relies on Active Directory and is currently deployed to a single Windows EC2 instance?

Use Sysprep to shut down the instance during a maintenance window. Create an AMI image and place both servers behind Application Load Balancer with sticky sessions.

Launch a new EC2 with the latest version of Windows Server and install the application again. Use Application Load Balancer and sticky sessions to balance between both servers.

Create a clone of the server using an AMI image and user Application Load Balancer to balance the traffic between both instances using sticky sessions.

Horizontal scaling is not the best practice in this situation. Increase the size of the existing EC2 instance and vertically scale the application.

61 / 63

You have several on-premise servers and would like to store your offsite backups on AWS. What fully managed backup service can you use to ship your backups to AWS?

Windows Server 2016 supports S3 as a target when using storage replicas.

Use Storage Gateway.

Sync files directly to S3 with the AWS CLI.

Use the RDS console to force a reboot of the database instance so that the primary server becomes the master server again.

62 / 63

What does this small section of a CloudFormation template do?

FlowLog:
        Type: AWS::EC2::FlowLog
        Properties:
                DeliverLogsPermissionArn: !GetAtt IamRole.Arn
                LogGroupName: FlowLogsGroup
                ResourceId: !Ref LogVpcId
                ResourceType: VPC
                TrafficType: ALL

It writes the VPC network flow logs to the CloudWatch FlowLogsGroup log group. You could use this to inspect the network connections of your VPC.

It logs all of the network traffic within a VPC except Instance IDs defined by LogVpcID and logs it to the CloudWatch FlowLogsGroup log group.

It logs all the network traffic going to and from a single EC2 instance into the CloudWatch FlowLogsGroup log group. You could use this to inspect suspicious network traffic coming into an EC2 instance.

It logs all of the DNS requests made by resources within a VPC and logs them to the CloudWatch FlowLogsGroup. Use this to diagnose DNS lookup errors within your environment.

63 / 63

For your AWS root account, you have generated a random password of the maximum allowed length and included special characters. Which additional steps should you take to secure your AWS root account?

Create an AM role for the account administrator with the highest privileges. Do not store the root password, but when the root account is needed reset the password on the root account via email confirmation and repeat this procedure.

Store your randomly generated password in your organizational secrets database using a service such as 1Password or LastPass, and only grant access to this secret to the DevOps team.

Create IAM accounts for your administrators and attach the AdministratorAccess policy to their accounts. Disable the root account in the user settings.

Create an IAM role for the account administrator with the highest privileges and do not use the root account in day-today operations. Enable two-factor authentication on the root account

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